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مطالعه نوع اثرات ژنی و برآورد روابط همبستگی بین صفات مورفولوژیکی و تحمل به بیماری سیاهک معمولی

( Ustilago maydis ) ذرت (. Zea mays L )

سابقه و هدف : از آنجائی که در حال حاضر مبارزه شیمیائی در کنترل بیماری سیاهک معمولی ذرت ناموفق بوده است، تولید هیبریدهای متحمل به این بیماری یکی از ضروریات اصلاح ذرت می باشد . در این پژوهش 89 ترکیب هیبرید سینگل کراس شامل 60 هیبرید تست کراس حاصل از تلاقی 20 لاین S6 به عنوان پایه مادری و 3 تستر S6 برگزیده تجاری به نام های K18 , K19, K1264 /5-1 بعنوان پایه پدری به همراه 29 ترکیب جدید دیگر مورد تحقیق قرار گرفت .

مواد و روش ها : در قالب طرح آزمایشی بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 2 تکرار در سال زراعی 1387 در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی کشت شدند و صفات تعداد برگ بالای بلال، تعداد کل برگ، ارتفاع بوته، ارتفاع بلال، تعداد روز تا گرده افشانی و کاکل دهی، فاصله بین گرده افشانی و کاکل دهی (ASI) ، تاریخ تزریق اسپور، بیماری ساقه و برگ، طول بلال، قطر بلال، تعداد ردیف، تعداد دانه در ردیف، رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک، وزن هکتو لیتر و در صد رطوبت دانه، در صد بیماری گل تاجی، در صد و شدت بیماری سیاهک بلال اندازه گیری شدند .

یافته ها : تجزیه واریانس آماری حاکی از وجود تفاوت معنی دار بین هیبریدهای تست کراس از نظر صفات تعداد برگ بالای بلال، تعداد کل برگ، ارتفاع بوته، ارتفاع بلال، تاریخ ظهورگرده، تاریخ ظهور سیلک، فاصله بین گرده افشانی و ظهور کاکل ها (ASI) ، تاریخ تزریق اسپور، طول بلال، قطر بلال، تعداد ردیف، تعداد دانه در ردیف، تاریخ رسیدگی، وزن هکتولیتر دانه و در صد رطوبت (P < 0/01) و صفات بیماری ساقه و برگ (P < 0/05) می باشد .

نتیجه گیری : تجزیه و تحلیل همبستگی بین صفات نشان داد که همبستگی مثبت بین در صد رطوبت دانه با درصد آلودگی سیاهک (^** 68/0 ) و شدت آلودگی (^* 63/0 ) و همبستگی منفی بین وزن هکتولیتر دانه با شدت (^** 65/0 ) و در صد آلودگی (^** 69/0 -) وجود دارد . تجزیه لاین × تستر روی 60 تست کراس مورد بررسی در صفات مرتبط با مقاومت به سیاهک حاکی از معنی داری واریانس تلاقی برای صفات آلودگی ساقه و برگ و تعداد بوته آلوده شده بود و برای این صفات اثرات ژنی افزایشی معنی دار بر آورد گردید .

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Aim and background.Sainfoin (Onobrychis) in Iran with 63 annual and perennial species that are distributed in different climatic regions of distribution. Some species of this genus are used for value of forage and erosion control and plants to attract visitors as honeybees. These species have high genetic diversity and can be used as valuable genetic resources in breeding of cultivated species.

Materials and Methods. Nine species of of sainfoin were collected from natural habitats across Iran. Number and size of chromosomes as well as karyotypic formula of the populations were measured and studied using their root tip meristemes.

Results.The basic chromosome number varied between x=7 and x=8 and their chromosomal type was metacentric and sub-metacentric. According to average genoms length, the highest was for O. scrobiculata (24.26) and the lowest belongs to O. lunata (14.76). According to Stebbins' classification, O. heliocarpa and O. lunata are classified as symmetric class of A and others as B. O. heliocarpa with 16m formula had the most total form percentage (44.856) and lowest intra chromosal asymmetrical and O. oxyptera with 2m+ 14sm had lowest TF% (32.552) and the most asymmetrical karyotype. Dendrogram results from cluster analysis (Ward) based on the karyptipic parameters species were classified in to two classes. The highest distance was obtained between O. oxyptera and O. heliocarpa and the lowest metric distance value was obtained between O. buhseana and O. atropatana.

Conclusion. The results of this analysis for species classification and selection of species were close to each other as to perform crosses between species

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Aim and Background. In order to study the effect of drought stress on some quantity and quality characteristics of sugar beet genotypes a field experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station of Khoy in 2009. Materials and Methods. Treatments was arranged in strip block experiments based on completely randomized block design with three replications. Three sugar beet hybrid varieties were as Rasoul, Shirin and 7112.

Results. The results showed that the water stress on root yield, white sugar content, sugar content, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, petioles and roots were significant. Effects of cultivar on most traits studied were significant, and Rasoul was significantly higher than others of root yield and white sugar yield. The interaction between cultivar and water stress was not significant. Due to stress and free- stress environments, Shoot fresh weight reduction showed the water storage in cultivars is non-equal. Decrease in shoot dry weight and total dry weight indicate that drought stress have reducing affects on the growth of shoot parts and total dry weight.

Conclusion. Noticeable point in the results was that the traits sugar content and white sugar yield, impurities of nitrogen, sodium and potassium, and molasses sugar in two environments revealed no significant difference.

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Aim and Background. Ant hurium andreanum is a perennial herbaceous plant, and an economically important genus of Araceae. Tissue culture of Anthurium andreanum offers an alternative tool for rapid multiplication in a short period.

Materials and Methods. Leaf plate explants of pink cultivar were used. The leaves were cut into 1×1 cm sections. Segments of leaf were sterilized with 1% NaClO for 20 minutes. Explants were cultured on MS medium fortified with IAA (0.1- 0.4 mg/l) and BA (0.25 -1.5 mg/l), 30 g/l sucrose and 8 g/l Agar for callus induction in dark conditions. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement and 8 replications. Callus was cultured on MS and ½ MS without hormones base media for shoot induction in light condition. The shoots transferred to rooting media after regeneration.

Results. Best result for callus induction was obtained from MS medium containing supplement of 0.2 mg/l IAA and 1 mg/l BA. Also the ½ MS media showed the best result for a number of shoots. The Best result for rooting in vitro was in ½ MS medium with 1g/l activated charcoal without hormones.

Conclusion. All shoots formed roots after 30 days and Plantlets were transferred into pot with perlite bed and grown in the greenhouse.

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Aim and Background. Gladiolus italicus species are exposed to genetic erosion and even destruction. On the other hand, these species can be potentially useful for breeding and agriculture. Moreover, the diversity of germplasm is not sufficient. Therefore, the collection, preservation and study of genetic diversity on Gladiolus species are important and essential.

 

Materials and Methods. According to Flora of Iran books, different regions of the country were visited. Three populations of Gladiolus species from different area namely Alamout, Mahalat and Mashhad were collected and their karyotype characteristics were recorded .Three plants of each population was randomly selected for further studying. The root tips pretreated with 8-hydroxyquinolin for 3/5 hours, then fixed in Former solution 1:3 ethanol and acetic acid for 24 hours , followed by being stained with hematoxylin. Images of ten appropriate metaphase plates with clearly chromosomes morphology were then captured.

 

Results. The species populations possessed 2n=2x=30, 60 chromosome number, but varied in  details of karyotype including type of chromosomes.

Conclusion. Karyotype symmetry, number of SAT and chromosomes differed significantly. chromomatin length as well as length of chromosome arms were also differed. Therefore, medium-chromosome was designated as diploid.

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Aim and Background. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) belongs to the Lamiaceae family. In this study the effect of nano iron chelated fertilizer and iron chelated fertilizer on growth parameters, leaves photosynthetic pigments, protein, and the activity of of some antioxidant enzymes in leaf were investigated.

Materials and Methods. The experiment was conducted in farm condition in the form of randomized design based on four replications. Plants were treated by different concentrations of iron chelated fertilizer (1.5 ,4.5 ,7.5 kgha-1) and nano Fe chelated fertilizer (1, 3 ,5 kgha-1).

Results. Results indicated that growth parameters increased in plants treated with Fe fertilizer (7.5 kgha-1) and nano Fe fertilizer with less than 5kgha-1. The antioxidant enzymes activity in the Fe treatments was more than nano Fe treatments. Moreover, nano iron fertilizer resulted in the reduction of protein amounts in comparison with iron fertilizer treatments.

Conclusion.The results showed that Fe fertilizer could be replaced by nano Fe fertilizer.

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Aim and background. Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) belongs to the family Cornaceae. It is a tall deciduous shrub or small tree of 5 to 8 m high. This plant is popular in Southern Europe and Asia. Fruits of these species are not only consumed fresh but also used to produce jam, jelly, stewed fruit, marmalade, syrup and several types of soft drinks. It is also used for medicinal purposes due to properties of stalk and fruits. The leaves and seed of this species is used in pharmaceuticals. The tree is also valuable for ornamentation as an evergreen broadleaf plant. Despite the widespread use of cornelian cherry, a few studies on this plant have been conducted in Iran.

Materials and Methods. In this research 6 populations of Cornus mas belongs to Cornus genus that collected from 3 locations of Iran, studied using root apex meristem, number and dimensions of chromosomes in the mitosis division measured, and determined karyotypic formula for any population.

Results.The number of genome was 9 and kind of chromosome was metacentric, sub-metacentric and sub-telocentric. The most and lowest mean of chromosome length belongs to C2 population (47.7 micron) and C3 population (3.50 micron) respectively. The populations were compared using stebbins method based on karyotype. C2 and C3 lied in 1A class and other populations in 2A class, so C2 and C3 populations were symmetrical than others. Karyotypic formula of C1, C2, C4, C5 and C3 and C6 was determined as 10m+8sm and 6m+12m respectively.

Conclusion. Cytological samples showed minor differences in this sample compared to other samples, for example, a satellite is in samples C5 pairs of chromosome No. 4.

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Aim and background. The genus Onobrychis Adans (Fabacea) belongs to Hedysareae tribe. Onobrychis is the biggest genus of Hedysareae Tribe which has 27 endemic species in Iran.

Materials and Methods. Pollen morphology of 11 taxa of the Onobrychis was studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Results. the results obtained showed that pollen grain is 3-collpate, prolate or perprolate. Exine ornamentation is reticulate and dimention of lumen is different. The equatorial view was elongated, elliptic and the pollar view was circular or obtus-triangular. One pollen type is recognized based on size, equatorial and polar view and exines ornamentation.

Conclusion. Pollen morphological studies provided the opportunity to identify and separate species.

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Aim and Background. The Juglans regia L. is a plant with difficulty in rooting, therefore, its asexual reproduction is almost impossible. The aim of this study was to conduct and improve the advantage of asexual reproduction by using growth regulators of  IBA and 2,4-D.

Materials and Methods. In order to keep major characteristics, we studied the effects of treatments and growth regulators of  IBA and 2,4-D in several concentrations on 40 plantlet in five groups.

Results. The results showed that application of IBA has important  effects on root primordium initiating  but application of 2,4-D does not show significant initiation. Both treatments of IBA and 2,4-D tend to increasing length of roots.

Conclusion. This research show that,  treating of shoots with IBA  have not important effect on shoot primordium initiation,  but  2,4-D treatment are very important effects. Over all treatment with IBA and 2,4 –D caused to increasing the rooting  in survival of cutting.  

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  Aim and Background. The genus Salsola is the largest genus in subfamily of Salsoloideae containing 100 species. 

 Materials and Methods. Some characteristics such as resistance to drought, saline, pests, diseased, grazing and having deep root system and different life forms make it suitable forage plant in arid lands. Different species of this genus are cultivated in salty lands where no other crops could give a good yield, or in areas where irrigation is possible only by salty water.

Results. The main aim of this investigation is the ecology survey of some species of Salsola in Golestan province where, different species of Salsola are the main plants in the vegetation. Annual species are distributed in lowlands with maximum % 15 slopes.

Conclusion. Habitats of three species, S. arbusculiformis, S. orientalis and S. tomentosa differ from the others in ecological condition where they grow in elevations (Max 1500 m) and pediment zone.

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Aim and Background. Germination stage is an important growth plant stage that is often affected by environmental stress including water and salinity stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Seed Germination of Rice and found to have more salt-tolerant cultivars.

 Materials and Methods. In order to study germination of three rice varieties named Gharib, Musa tarom and Abji buji at different levels of salinity. The experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with four replications. Salt treatments were controlled in 0, 4, 8 and 12 ds/m-1.

Results. The results of data analysis showed that salt effect on studied varieties and interaction of varieties × salt on the studied characters were significant in %1 level. In this research some characters including rate and percentage of germination, gemule length, and radical length were studied. With increasing salt all evaluated characters decreased.

Conclusion. Statistical analysis of data showed significant difference in rice genotypes. With increasing salt all evaluated characters significantly decreased.

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Aim and Background. The two genera Chenopodium and Atriplex contain 100 and 150 species, respectively both of which belong to Chenopodiaceae family. Due to morphological similarity, the recognition of species of these two genera is comparatively difficult, thus, the anatomical characters are considered in the southern Khorasan Province.

Materials and Methods. At first, for studying anatomical structure of species, herbal samples were gathered from different areas of this province. Then, the method of manual cutting was used in laboratory, and for staining tissues and better distinguishing their organizing sections, the method of with green methyl and Carmen stain. After preparing slides, photo was provided for all sections (leaf, stem, petiole and epiderm) and anatomical characters were evaluated by Olympus microscope equipped with ruler.

Results. The results show the characters of leaf and stem were distinctive in genus, but they couldn’t distinguish the species of each genus. In the species of C. botrys glandular trichomes, to be thick of its coticule in both surfaces, the form of petiole section and type of stomata is below surface in both level of epiderm, to distinguish it from other species of Chenopodium genus.

Conclusions. The most differences have been seen in the petiole character signifying the recognition of the species.

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Aim and Background. Due to evolving in stress habitats, Halophyte plants are the best options to describe the fundamentals of molecular physiology of salt tolerance and breeding of crops. Therefore, because of genetic relationship of Aeluropus littoralis with rice, wheat and barley, the present study was performed to investigate leaves proteome pattern changes in response to different salt treatment using proteomics methods

 Materials and Methods. To examine the effect of salinity on the Aeluropus proteome pattern, salt treatment in 3 levels (100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) was applied . The mature leaves located in the middle part of plant were harvested for protein extraction after 21 days of salt exposure. Proteins were extracted according to TRIZOL approach and were separated by 2-DE using a nonlinear pH 4-7 IPG strips (24 cm) and 12.5 % poly acryl amide gel.

 Results. Statistical analysis revealed that among 550 repeatable detected spots, at least 95 protein spots showed a significant change during salinity levels. In addition, the most proteins with increased and decreased expression levels were obtained in comparison between control and 200 mM NaCl levels and between 200 & 300 mM NaCl treatments, respectively. Based on cluster analysis the whole responsive proteome was classified into 10 classes.

 Conclusion. Evaluation of these co-expression classes revealed that A. littoralis salinity responsive proteome follows four distinct expression patterns. These results showed that study of individual protein expression changes alone will not be fruitful. But also the identification of co-expression proteins collection and study of proteins gregarious changes pattern in response to different levels of stress was more importance and create better understanding.

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 Aim and Background. Bacteria of the species Bacillus pumilus produce a large number of biological compounds which are active against bacteria and fungi. This study was designed with the aim of isolation, screening and optimization of antimicrobial production of Bacillus pumilus against four pathogenic microorganisms.

 Materials and Methods. For the initial screening of antimicrobial activity against four pathogenic microorganisms , agar disk diffusion method and TSB medium and for the production of antimicrobial compounds, synthetic medium and agar well diffusion method is used. To obtain the maximum production of antimicrobial compounds, pH (6-9), incubation period (0-72 hours) and glucose concentration (1-5 ٪ ) are well considered. Data were analyzed by SPSS and ANOVA tests.

Results. Maximum production of antimicrobial compounds by standard and isolated strain of B. pumilus was observed after 48 hours of incubation at 37^oC, pH 7 and 3% glucose against four microbial strains. 

 Conclusion. B. pumilus species might be a potential candidate for the production of antimicrobial compounds in the future.

 

  

 

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Aim and Background : Aloe vera is one of the important medicinal plants, that grow in warm-dried regions. In this study, fifty Aloe vera populations from five different areas from Iran, were evaluated for their morphological traits.

Materials and methods : During of growing season 18 morphological characters such as height, breadths of plant, number of leaves, length and width of leaf and were measured. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.

Results : The results showed that some characters had positive correlation. Leaf length with width of leaf had positive significant correlation at 5% level of significance. Borazjan population had the highest weight leaf (262 g), diameter leaf (2.5 cm). Bashagerd population had highest weight plant (18Kg) and flower length (120cm).

Conclusion : Cluster analysis resulted in the populations being divided into three groups. Results indicated that, Iranian Aloe vera is completely different from the common aloe species with diversity that makes it a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs.

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Aim and Background: Genus Linaria Mill. Belonging to the Plantaginaceae family is categorized in Lamiales order. The habitat of this genus is the northern hemisphere and in some parts of Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phylogeny and taxonomy relationships of the mentioned genus in Iran.
Materials and Methods: Molecular studies were performed in accordance with the following procedure: 1-Total DNA extracted from leaves, 2-Amplification and sequencing of the genome of the chloroplast rpl32-trnL fragment area 3-Statistical analysis of evolutionary models to obtain and review the phylogeny of the studied groups,4- Interpretation of cladograms.
Results: The data matrix consisted of 71 taxa and 702 characters in Parsimony analysis. The 485 characters are constant, 109 variable characters are parsimony-uninformative, The remaining 108 are potentially parsimony informative. Four major clades including A, B, C and D were detected in Phylogenetic tree analysis. Discussion: Monophyly of Linaria species was supported in this study. A basal divergence between species with winged and wingless seeds was clearly unsupported, implying the homoplasy of this trait.
Conclusion: the results showed that Linaria species constitute a Monophylitic group. According to a set of morphological traits including entire, sessile, pinnately veined leaves terminal, bracteate, racemose inflorescences and spurred flowers monophyly of Linaria confirmed.

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Aim&Background: Basil (Ocimum basilicum) belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It is annual plant known as an important medicinal plant. To study the effects of nano-silver particles on salinity tolerance behaviors (Ocimum basilicum L.), the present research was conducted. Materials and Methods: experiments were carried out factorially based on CRD with four replicates during autumn 2013. Samples were treated with 6 levels of nano-silver particles, including 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg.kg-1 and 6 levels of salinity 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 mmol.l-1. Salinity treatments were prepared using NaCl and CaCl2 at the rate of 1:1 in Hogland solution of 50%. The germination percentages, germination speed, vigor index, were also determined.
 Results: Results showed that the application of nano-silver particles at the concentration of 40 mg.kg-1 led to the increases in germination percentage and improved the resistance to salinity conditions.
Conclusion: the application of nano silver at suitable levels during germination process may enhance germination traits, plant growth and resistance to salinity conditions in basil seedlings.

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Aim & Background: In order to evaluate the effect of priming on seed germination Burley 21 tobacco varieties, a research was conducted in the autumn of 1392 in Urmia Tobacco Research Center.

Material and methods: In the first part, a completely randomized design with 26 treatments and 3 replications were conducted. Treatments were one control and 4 levels of polyethylene glycol (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) at different periods of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days, and water (priming) at different periods of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days. In the second part, a factorial completely randomized design was conducted with 3 factors and 3 replications for the first factor, the concentrations of -0.5, -1, -1/5 and-2 MPa polyethylene glycol and distilled water, and for the second factor they were 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days priming and salinity; for the third factor were 1, 2, 3 and 4 dS m for per was petri dish.

Results: In the first part of experiment, the treatments on time and germination percentage at 1% level had a significant effect. The mean time of germination using tobacco seed priming with polyethylene glycol and distilled water significantly decreased. Germination in the priming effect for 3, 5 and 10 days significantly was reduced. In the second part of the experiment, seed priming had significant effect on germination time, germination rate, germination index, germination rate and germination percentage at 1 % level, time duration of seed priming on germination time, germination rate had significant effect at 1% level. Germination time in petri dish significantly increased with increasing salinity; while the germination rate and speed germination index declined. In conclusion, priming tobacco, resulting in improved germination rate, rate of germination and speed germination. The best priming time was 1 and 1.5 % polyethylene glycol and the duration of a day.

Conclusions: Considering the importance of tobacco seed germination rate, it is required to use concentrations of 1 or 1.5% of polyethylene glycol to be treated one day before.

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Aim and Background:To study the effect of irrigation and zinc nutrition on yield and essential oil production of (Menta piperita L.), a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Khoy during spring of 2013.

Material and methods:The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized block design with four replications. The effects of irrigation in four levels including 100, 80, 60, 40 % (FC) and zinc nutrition in four levels including 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg (ZnSO₄) were investigated.

Results:The results showed that the effect of irrigation on leaf length, leaf width, leaf number, stem diameter, number of internodes, number of branches per plant, plant height, fresh weight and shoot dry weight, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight were significant (p ≤1%). The results also showed that zinc spraying on leaf length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, total plant weight and percentage of essential oil was significant (p≤0.01). The highest oil yield (20.81 kg/ha) was obtained with 100% humidity. Zinc spraying on the leaf width, number of branches, plant height and dry weight was significant (p≤0.05). The highest essential oil yield (15.75) was also obtained in 2.5 mg/kg (ZnSO₄) and control.

Conclusion:Recommended to increase the essential oil yield used 100% humidity and 2.5 mg/kg (ZnSO₄) in (Menta piperita L.).

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Aim and Background:
(Satureja sahendica) is one of the most important medicinal and edible plants. Priming is a technique that a seed obtained all physiological and biochemical requirement for germination before planted in the ground.
Material and methods:
In order to evaluation of seed priming on moderating salinity effect on germination and primary growth of Savory in pot planting, an experiment carried out by Factorial design with RCD at three replication in greenhouse of Islamic Azad University of Khoy in 2014. The first factor was salinity at three level (EC=2, 4 and 6 mmohs/cm  of NaCl ) and second factor was seed priming in four level control, KNO₃  (2.5%), KCl(2 %)and NaCl(1 %).Traits investigated include the length of root and shoot, shoot and root dry weight, germination percentage, mean germination time and the dry weight of the biomass.
Results:
The variance analysis of data showed that salinity treatments significantly affected all investigated traits. Also interaction of salinity and priming on germination percentage was significantly affected. The highest percentage of germination (92.84%) obtained under KNO₃ × 2 mmohs/cm NaCl concentration. The treatment of KCl × 2 mmohs/cm concentration with 92.56 has the highest percentage of germination.
Conclusion:
According to this results Savory cultivation not recommended for Areas where the irrigation water is saline. And if water salinity is low, seed priming with KNO₃ can moderated salinity effects on Savory seed germination. The interaction of two factors was significant on germination.