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Aim and Background: XRCC1encods the protein involved in base excision repair (BER) system. Because of important role of XRCC1 gene, polymorphism in this gene could increase the risk of many neoplasms in human. We conducted a research project to find out the association between endometriosis with XRCC1polymorphism.
Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study 102 cases were enrolled. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and then genotyping of codon 399 of XRCC1 was carried using specific primers and RFLP method. Results: Data from102 cases in an endometriosis group (n=52) and a control group (n=50) were analyzed and led to the following.
results: the Arg399Gln polymorphism of XRCC1 gene was 76.9% in the endometriosis group compared with 28% in the control group (P=0.0001) with OR= 2.47 and 95% CI: 1.72–4.39 (for GG vs. GA+AA) using Fisher’s exact test. Allelic Frequency on the Endometriosis group was 57.69% for G and 42.31% for A allele these rates for the control group were 86% and 14% for G and A alleles respectively (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: we came to the conclusion that arginine to glutamine polymorphism of XRCC1 gene codon 399 is associated with an increase in the risk of endometriosis and obtained odd’s ratio indicates that people with this polymorphism have 2.47 times the risk of developing endometriosis compared to people without polymorphism

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Aim and background: One of the world's important pharmaceutical resources is Greater Celandine. Since the genetic diversity of this plant is not assessed in the global studies, this study investigates the genetic diversity in Greater Celandine via molecular markers ISSR in 14 ecotypes.

Materials and methods: DNA was extracted from young leaves of all the genotypes using the CTAB method. The ISSR products were scored for the presence (1) and absence (0) of each primer. Clustering result of molecular data was divided distinctly into 7 quite genetic groups.

Results: primers (CA) 8G provided the most polymorphism (92.8) among the primers. The lowest genetic similarity was 0.16 between two samples Shirgah (C16) and Siahkolah (C30).

Conclusion: The results of classified cluster clearly indicated that there is no relation between molecular diversity and geographical variety.  It seems that it might be possible that one sample of a geographical region is migrated to another region being distanced from its primary source.

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HMGB1 protein is an intracellular protein that translocated into the nucleus and regulates genes expression. HMGB1 plays multi-functional roles through recombination, transcriptional regulation, and inflammation. HMGB1 binds to cyclin-dependent kinase such as CDK2 that regulates the transcription of genes associated with the progression of cell cycle. In addition, HMGB1 as a novel cytokine plays major role in inflammation and arthritis. Recently, the role of HMGB1 protein as an adjuvant and stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses has been proven in viral infections such as HIV-1 and influenza. Several studies indicated that Hp91, a HMGB1-derived peptide, stimulates efficiently DC maturation, and boosts the cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. Our recent data also showed that the full length of HMGB1 gene, and Hp91 peptide could be an effective adjuvant in developing the therapeutic HPV DNA- and protein-based vaccines, respectively. In this review, the structure and functions of HMGB1 is described in molecular biology and medicine.

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Aim and Background:
The aim of this study was to enhance the synergistic effect of the "RA-FICZ" by adding anti CD44 monoclonal antibody (mAb), to induce myeloid differentiation and apoptosis in three patients with APL.
Materials and methods:
The anti-CD44 antibody concentrations of 5 to 25 μg/ml prepared and added to "RA-FICZ" complex and Isolated Cells from Patients.The antibody optimum concentration was determined then neutrophil maturation, apoptosis and expression of CD14 and CD11b were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results:
Adding the different concentrations of CD44 mAb against CD44 improved the ability of promyelocytes differentiation and led to increased expression of CD11b and CD14 antigens more than two times. The apoptotic rate increased up to 66%.
Conclusion:
Additional studies and work on the animal models can lead to a reduction even elimination of the chemotherapy. This triple combination" can be candidate as a novel differentiation-inducing therapy in APL cells.

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Aim and Background: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) especially types 16 and 18 are known as the major causes of cervical cancer. Among HPV proteins, L1 and L2 capsid proteins, and also E7 oncoprotein are proposed as target antigens for vaccine design. In the recent years, the recombinant multiepitope polypeptides have attracted a special interest. The goal of this study is the design of L1-L2-E7 fusion construct and evaluation of its expression in bacterial expression system. 
Materials and Methods: In this study, the immunogenic and conserved epitopes of HPV16/18 L1, L2 and E7 proteins were selected using different bioinformatics analyses. After synthesis of the designed L1-L2-E7 fusion sequence in pUC57 cloning vector, its subcloning was performed in pET24a (+) prokaryotic expression vector using EcoRI/ HindIII restriction enzymes. The expression of the recombinant multiepitope polypeptide was done in E.coli Rosetta strain using IPTG inducer, and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using anti-His-tag antibody. The expression was optimized under different conditions such as optical density (OD in wavelength of 600 nm), temperature and time after induction, and IPTG concentration.   
Results: The recombinant pET-L1-L2-E7 vector was confirmed by the presence of a clear band (~525 bp) related to the L1-L2-E7 gene on agarose gel after enzyme digestion. The expression of L1-L2-E7 polypeptide in bacteria showed the presence of a clear band (~20 kDa) in SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The best conditions for expression of the recombinant polypeptide were at temperature of 37^◦C, optical density of 0.7-0.8, IPTG concentration of 1mM, and time of 16 h after induction.  
Conclusion: The successful expression of the L1-L2-E7 multiepitope polypeptide was performed in bacterial system. In the next step, the recombinant polypeptide will be purified to use as a vaccine candidate. 

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Abstract:
Aim and Background: Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) infection was known to be the leading cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women in the world. Designing a DNA vaccine with therapeutic properties as well as prevention can have a significant impact on reducing morbidity and mortality.
Materials and Methods: Gene sequences including the immunogenic and conserved epitopes of L1 and E7 proteins of high risk papillomaviruses were designed. After synthesis of the L1-E7 fusion construct in pUC57 cloning vector, its subcloning was performed in pcDNA3.1 (-) eukaryotic vector. The concentration and purity of the recombinant pcDNA-L1E7 plasmid was determined by NanoDrop spectrophotometry.  
Results: The gene sequence after cutting from pUC57-L1E7 by BamHI/HindIII restriction enzymes, was subcloned in the same cloning site of pcDNA3.1 (-) vector. The presence of gene was confirmed by digestion with BamHI/HindIII enzymes, as a 639 bp fragment on 1% agarose gel. The recombinant pcDNA-L1E7 plasmid was purified by endotoxin-free extraction kit for isolation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The concentration of the purified DNA was obtained about 1474 ng/ µl.
Conclusion: Cloning of the L1-E7 fusion construct in the eukaryotic vector was successful. In the next steps, the recombinant vector will be used for gene vaccine studies in vivo. 

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Aim and Background: Immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a global health problem and it has affected more than 75 million individuals since the epidemic started. Various approaches have been investigated to some up with a preventive or therapeutic formulation against this virus. However, none of them has been achieved. The aim of the study was the immunological evaluation of HIV-1 Nef-MPER-V3 Harboring IMT-P8 penetrating peptide in BALB/c mice to induce effective immune responses.
 
Materials and Methods: In current study, to evaluate of the antigen immunogenicity of IMT-P8-Nef-MPER-V3, 11 different groups of female BALB/c mice were immunized with three doses of the antigen with or without Hsp27 and Hp91 adjuvants formulation. The immune responses were assessed using IgG ELISA assay and its isotype determination. IL-10 and IFN-γ were also evaluated by sandwich ELISA.
Results: The data showed that the recombinant protein developed different levels of humoral and cellular responses. IMTP8-Nef-MPER-V3+Hp91 groups reached highest IgG2a, and elicited strong IFN-γ production towards a Th1 response compared to the other groups. Cytokine assay indicated that the immunized mice with the antigen formulation containing IMT-P8 CPP applied with Hp91 has a high potency in immune induction.
Conclusion: These results demonstrated that application of IMTP8-Nef-MPER-V3 combining the adjuvant-formulated (Hp91) provides strong responses which must be considered as an effective formulation towards a potential HIV vaccine candidate.