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Aim and Background. As mycobacterial species have different drug susceptibilities, precise identification is crucial for adoption of correct drug therapy and can ultimately influence patient outcome. Among various molecular methods, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PRA) based on hsp65 gene is preferred since it offers an easy, rapid, and inexpensive means of identifying pathogenic mycobacterial isolates to species level. A combination of phenotypic tests and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PRA) method targeting 441 bp hsp65 DNA used to find species diversity of Iranian clinical strains of mycobacteria.

Materials and Methods. The test strains consisted of 270 clinical isolates of mycobacteria recovered from 2358 patients in two reference laboratories. A total of 207 isolates belong to M. tuberculosis were initially identified using conventional phenotypic techniques and specific PCR, based on detection of IS 6110. The isolates belonging to non tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) were subjected to further definitive identification using batteries of phenotypic tests and hsp65-PRA.

Results. Out of 270 clinical strains, 207 isolates were found to be M. tuberculosis by phenotypic techniques and specific PCR based on detection of IS 6110. NTM strains (63 isolates) represented a variety of the species comprised of 12 M. simiae, 9 M. fortuitum, 5 M. gordonae , 5 M. abscessus, 5 M. kansasii and some rare species including 3 M. massilainase, 3 M. thermoresitbile, 2 M. senegalense type 2, 1 M. conceptionense type 1 or M. senegalense type 1, 1 M. phlei, 1 M. chelonae, 1 M. nonchromogenicum, 1 M. genavense, 1 M. montefiorense or M. triplex, 1 M. branderi, 1 M. novocastrense, 1 M. nebraskense, 1 M. lentiflavum and 1 M. avium.

Conclusion. This study showed that hsp65-PRA technique offers a simple, rapid, and accurate method for the identification of NTM clinical isolates.

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Aim and background:  Regarding that the breast cancer is the most prevalent disease among women, Paclitaxel, an anti-cancer drug, could be used in treatment of this disease. As Paclitaxel has some adverse effects, we made use of the nanoliposomal drug delivery technology in order to reduce adverse effects and improve drug efficacy.

Materials and Methods :  Certain ratios of Phosphatidylinositol choline, cholesterol and Paclitaxel were synthesized to prepare nanoliposomal paclitaxel. The mean diameter of the nanoliposomal paclitaxel was measured by the Zeta sizer device. Using dialysis, the pattern of drug release from nanoliposomes has been studied and the cytotoxicity effect of the nanoliposomal drug was finally measured with the MTT assay.

Results:  Using the Zeta sizer device, the mean diameter of the nanoliposomal Paclitaxel was obtained 421.4 nanometers and its encapsulation efficiency was 91.3%. By dialysis, drug release in the nanoliposomal Paclitaxel formulation was studied within 28 hours which was 5.53%.

Conclusion .  The present study showed that the cytotoxicity effect of nanoliposomal Paclitaxel is more than that of the standard form.

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Aim and background:Based on confirmed reports, it is clear that breast cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases among women.Hydroxyureais one of the important drugs used in chemotherapy.despite its therapeutic propertie, this drug has many adverse effects in long-term, this study was performed in order to use the Nano drug delivery technologyusing liposomes drug deliveryfor reducingthe adverse effects and increasing therapeutic index as well.

Materials and Methods:A certain ratio of Phosphatidylinositol choline and cholesterol was synthesized in order to prepare the nanoliposome followed by adding the hydroxyurea drug. The mean diameter of nanoliposomal hydroxyurea was determined by zeta sizer system. The percent of drug released from liposome was performed by dialysis. Also, encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposomal hydroxyurea was calculated.Ultimately the cytotoxicity of formulation was probed by MTT assay.

Results:The mean diameter of nanoliposome hydroxyurea and also and its encapsulation efficiency were recorded 402.5 nanometers and 70.836 % respectively. The pattern of drug release from nanoliposomes using dialysis method showed that the drug release of nanoliposome drug within 28 hours was equal to 25.85 %.

Conclusion:This study showed that the cytotoxicity effect of nanoliposomal drug is more than that of the released drug.

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Aim and Background: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of Bio fertilizer (Azosprillium spp bacteria) and Salicylic acid on growth and development characteristics of Ocimum basilicum L. plant under water stress.

Materials and Methods: The experimental design was factorial arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Treatment were combination of 3 levels of water stress (100% FC as a control, 60% FC and 30% FC) and Bio fertilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated) and Salicylic acid (0 as control and 0.75 mM).

Results: Data variance analysis showed that morphological characteristics was significantly (p<0.05) affected by drought levels, Salicylic acid, Bio fertilizer and their interaction. The effects of various treatments on shoot and flower number, dry and fresh weight of root and shoot, Relative water content (RWC) and electron leakage was significant at 1%.

Conclusion: Application of salicylic acid and Azosprillium inoculation increased growth and development of Basil under water stress.

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Aim and background: Epidemiological and animal experimental studies indicated that flavonoid rich diets could affected positively on decrease of the prevalence of neuronal degenerations e.g Alzheimer and Parkinsonism diseases. In basis of the positive function of crataegus extract on decrease of oxidative factors and other helpful chararacteristics of this extract, the present research examined crataegus extract effect on passive avoidance learning of male wistar rat.

Materials and Methods: 24 rats with 250-300 gram weight have been divided to three main groups: 1-control (intact) 2- sham (solvent receivers) 3-Crataegus extract. This extract has been administered daily (100mg/kg) for two weeks by gavages' method. Passive avoidance learning test were achieved by shuttle box system. One day after acquisition retrieval test has been done. For this, animal was putted to light compartment and after 30 seconds guillotine door was opened and the time that was consumed for entering to dark component was recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software with one way ANOVA and Tuckey test.

Results: were indicated no difference between intact and sham groups for time of entering to dark component but there was significant increase between extract and intact groups (P<0.001) and decrease between them for entering to dark component (P<0.001)

Conclusion: Results of this study showed that treatment by Crataegus extract that is flavonoid rich, has been resulted to recovery of learning and memory.

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Background and Aim: Nocardia as one of the most important genera of aerobic actinomycetes, soil dwellers are that in some cases, causing dangerous and lethal infections in susceptible patients, especially patients with various immune deficiencies. A number of species belonging to Nocardia can be cause chronic pulmonary infections. In this study Nocardiosis in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who were negative for culture and microscopic slides, were examined. 

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Aim and Background: Nocardia spp are Gram-positive, partially acid-fast causing various infections. Due to the complex structure of the cell wall of the microorganism that is similar to mycobacteria, DNA extraction from this bacterium is different from other bacteria. The boiling method with STET buffer solution was used for DNA extraction of Nocardia.
Materials and Methods: Nocardia colonies were suspended in 200 µl STET buffer and was boiled for 30 minutes. Suspension was centrifuged and transferred to another micro tube and Ethanol %95 was added and saved at -20 °C for 30 minutes. After this stage, sample was centrifuged and the supernatant was discarded. In the first stage, distilled water was added and stored at -20 °C for molecular works. To confirm the presence and quality of the DNA extract, the electrophoresis on a %1 agarose gel was carried out and PCR reaction 16S rRNA gene was used.
Results: DNA was extracted on agarose gel and the purity and quality was appropriate. 16S rRNA gene PCR was then performed and observed to be 1500 bp.

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Aim and Background:Non-tuberculous mycobacteria have long been identified as capable of causing human disease. Several reports have suggested increasing trend to available treatment regimes. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility of clinically significant NTM using standard micro broth dilution test.

Material and methods:The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method for 88 clinical isolates of slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM) and 154 clinical isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM).

Results:Among the 40 isolates of M. kansasii, all were susceptible to Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Clarithromycin, Moxifloxacin and Linezolid. The isolates also were resistant to Doxycycline and 50% isolates were resistant to Rifampicin and Ciprofloxacin.

Conclusion:The presence of high variations in susceptibility among clinically important NTM to the currently available antimicrobial agents confirms the need for accurate identification as well as performing standard susceptibility testing of any clinically important isolate.

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Aim and Background: By expanding knowledge about this disease, many progress and developments for curing this disease have been performed. The toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs still pose a treatment problem, because of their pharmokinetic changes and careful targeting as one of the promising strategies are proposed in cancer and incurable disease treatments. Magnetic Nano particles are essential and vital in drug delivery, since their natural magnet, facilitates targeting and other things.

Materials and Methods: Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. Then, by using discharge metod, liposomal nanoparticle’s film and magnetic nanoparticle’s film, containing paclitaxel were prepared. Also drug releasing and capsulation amount and drug loading, size and potential zeta of magnetized liposomal Nanoparticles were mentioned. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles containing the drug was studied by using MTT assay on cell of ovarian cancer A2780CP.

 Conclusion:. The size of magnetic liposome nanoparticles containing the drug and the liposomes containing the drug, respectively, 251 and 198 nm were estimated. And zeta potential of these particles, respectively, -20 and -19 (mv) was calculated.   Also the magnetic liposome carrier had slow-release and longer half-life than liposome.

Encapsulation efficiency of carriers, magnetic liposome and liposome of paclitaxel respectively 97and
96 percent were. Release studies show, Continuous and controlled drug release from the magnetic liposome nanoparticles. MTT results showed that, magnetic liposome had a higher cytotoxicity than liposomal nanoparticles against cells A2780CP imposed.

Result: The results of the study showed that, magnetic liposome nanoparticles were more appropriate carrier than liposome nanoparticles for drug delivery of paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells are A2780CP.

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Aim and Background: Considering the widespread application of silver nanoparticles in daily life, the side effects to humans, it is growing increasingly. But the effects of silver nanoparticle on the stage of embryonic development are not fully understood. This study investigates the potential teratogenic effects of silver nanoparticles on the developmental stages of fetal rats. Materials and Methods: silver nanoparticle concentrations of 0, 125, 750 and 1500 mg / kg / day orally (gavage) administrated from days sixth to nineteenth pregnancy. The embryos harvested via cesarean on day nineteenth gestation. Weight and CR (Crown-Rump) embryos separately were measured. The CR measured by Image j software. The length of the tail, the limbs, fingers and toes, edema, eyes and nose during all the embryos were examined Results: According to data obtained, we could not find any significant different in the length of the tail, the limbs, fingers, edema, eyes and nose between the experiments and control groups. The weight and CR of experiments embryos were increased in compare with control groups and shows significant different except that the mean the 125 mg / kg / day grout that did not show significant different. Conclusion: Based on these results, we can conclude that silver nanoparticles can effect on embryo development stages. These changing are dose dependent and can increase the weight and CR of rat embryo at 19th day gestation.

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Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to survey of High-level resistance to gentamicin and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) encoding genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from burn wound infection.
Material and methods: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed after identification of E. faecalis and E. faecium strains. In order to detect HLGR strains, gentamicin disks were used. PCR test was performed to identify the AMEs-encoding genes.
Results: Of 114 isolates of Enterococcus, 56.1% of the strains were HLGR. All HLGR strains have the aac (6') -Ie -aph (2'') -Ia gene. 1.9% of the HLGR E. faecium strains carried the aph (2 ") -Id gene.
Conclusions: Our data showed that a high prevalence of resistance to gentamicin in burned wound infection in our hospital. The main responsibility for the resistance to gentamicin in the present study was the aac (6 ') -Ie -aph (2'') -Ia gene.
 

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Aim and Background: The HMGA2 protein is one of the transcription factors that regulates the evolution and differentiation of the cells. Studies have shown that changes in the expression of the HMGA2 gene can play an important role in preventing tumor progression and its metastasis. In this study, we investigated the association between rs10573247 polymorphism in the 3-UTR region of HMGA2 gene and the risk of gastric cancer.
Material and Methods: Genomic DNA from blood sample of 100 patients with gastric cancer and 100 healthy individuals were extracted A part of the HMGA2 gene, including rs10573247 polymorphism, was amplified by PCR technique. After, the PCR product was treated with EaR1 enzyme and the genotype of each individual was determined. Finally, the risk of gastric cancer was assessed with the statistical tests of χ2 and logistic regression.
Results: The statistical analysis of allelic and genotypic association of rs10573247 polymorphism with the risk of gastric cancer showed that there was not significant relationship between different alleles of rs10573247 polymorphism (P = 0.127) and none of its genotypes with gastric cancer risk.
Conclusion: It seems none of the rs10573247 polymorphism genotypes in the HMGA2 gene were associated with the risk of gastric cancer.

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Materials and methods: AGS cells were transfused using lipofactamine solution and plasmid carrying the tagD gene encoding Helicobacter pylori or empty plasmid (control). RNA extraction was then performed from cultured cells and cDNA synthesis was performed, and then the eukaryotic expression of Helicobacter pylori gene tagD in AGS cells was investigated by RT-PCR method. The expression of GPR83 genes was evaluated by Real Time PCR method. It should be noted that the enoxin kit was used to evaluate apoptosis, and finally the expression of each gene was evaluated using SPSS software and t-test Indepent statistical tests.
Results: Results: The findings from gene expression analysis showed that the expression of GPR83 gene in AGS cells treated with tagD increased compared to control cells, but this increase in expression was not statistically significant (P = 0.0888).
Conclusion: Overall, the data obtained from this study showed that GPR83 gene expression is altered in cells treated with the Helicobacter pylori tagD gene and seems to play a role in the expression of Helicobacter pylori

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Aim and Background: Many microorganisms produce antimicrobial agents protecting them in extreme environmental conditions. Exiguobacterium sp. has particularly been adapted to their environment and is of wide diversity depending on the species and environmental conditions. The present study aims to study on the isolation, identification, and examination of antimicrobial property of bioactive compounds produced by Exiguobacterium acetylicum PTCC 1765.
Materials and methods: E. acetylicum was taken from Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology and was cultured in Corynebacterium broth and nutrient broth. Agar diffusion and well diffusion techniques were used to study the antimicrobial effect of supernatant of this bacterium against pathogenic and standard strains of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and compounds with antibacterial property were identified using GC/MS.
Results: E. acetylicum culture’s supernatant displayed a good antimicrobial property. Its greatest effect was observed during Well diffusion technique over salmonella entrica servpvar paratiphi PTCC 1231 with 8.5 mm zone of inhibition based on GC/MS analysis 2- ethyl  hexyl parametoxy cynamate, 1-2-benzen-dicarboxilic acid, 1-7- dimethyl 3- phenil- thilidin byciclo (1-2-2) – heptanes-2- on and phenol 2-4 bis(1-1-dimethyle ethyle)were dominant compounds.
Conclusion: Nowadays, by increased resistance of antibiotics and the complexities resulted from consumption of chemical pharmaceutics, using alternative medicines, seems necessary. The supernatant of E. acetylicum culture having high antimicrobial capability and useful compounds with restricting property can be suggested as an antimicrobial agent. While comprehension studies are needed to affirm the effect of this bacteria and its resulting metabolites in the human body conditions.

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Aim and Background: Brassica napus has one of the most important oilseed crops in the world, which has undergone extensive genome reconstruction following an interspecies hybridization of Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea. In order to understand the functional changes of B. napus genome during the evolution, comparison of gene expression was performed in three species of Brassica.
Materials and Methods: Seed preliminary data of three Brassica libraries were collected from the Harvard university database. To find similarities between three libraries, all EST sequences were assembled using EGassembler software. Then, all contigs were analyzed by X-blast using CLC Protein workbench software against nonredundant proteins of gene bank. IDEG6 software was used to identify genes with different expression between libraries. MapMan comparative classification tool was used to classify functional catalogs.
Results: Comparison of gene expression between the three species showed that 23 genes in 5 functional groups including fatty acids, storage proteins, amino acids, transcriptional regulation and signaling were statistically significant.
Conclusion: While B. rapa and B. oleracea encode the largest number of ESTs involved in the biosynthesis of erucic acid and linolenic acid, genome in B. napus has evolved to produce more oleic acid and linoleic acid, which may have resulted from the deletion or duplication of the genome during evolution. In addition, Cruciferin transcripts accounted for 40% of total seed storage protein transcripts. This study paves the way for further research on the genetic consequences of polyploidy during canola breeding evolution.

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Aim and Background: Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) from the family of oxidizing enzymes is the most important enzyme in the metabolism of poisons and drugs, which is usually found in the liver and intestine, and its gene is located on chromosome 7q22.1. Since few studies have been done on the polymorphisms of this gene, this study was conducted in order to investigate the polymorphism (CYP3A4 (A13871G) in healthy male and female subjects of different ages in the west of Mazandaran.
Material and Methods: Whole blood was received. ARMS-PCR technique was used in this research, which is a simple method to detect any mutation including base changes or small deletions. Data analysis using SPSS 2016 software and the chi-square test was performed.
Results: The results showed that most of the studied subjects had the AG mutated heterozygous genotype, the frequency of which was 67.96%. There was no significant relationship between the frequency of the genotype and the age of the patients (p < 0.05). In the studied population, 50 people were female and 38 were male. In the female sex, 33 people have a heterozygous genotype with a frequency of 66%, 7 people have a dominant homozygous genotype with a frequency of 14%, 6 people have a recessive homozygous genotype with a frequency of 12%, and 4 people had no mutation with a frequency of 8%. In males, 25 people have a heterozygous genotype with a frequency of 65.78%, 3 people have a dominant homozygous genotype with a frequency of 7.89%, 5 people have a recessive homozygous genotype with a frequency of 13.15% the 5 people have no mutation with the frequency was 13.15%. Also, in both sexes, the heterozygous genotype showed the highest percentage of frequency.
Conclusion: According to the results, there is no significant relationship between genotype frequency and gender and genotype frequency and age (p < 0.05).