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 Aim and Background . Metalloproteases have numerous industrial applications such as peptide and aspartame synthesis. However, their application is limited by instability as a result of autolysis. . In the present study, following purification, biochemical properties of a metalloprotease (elastase) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been investigated.

Materials and Methods. Recombinant protein has been purified from E. coli by affinity chromatography. Temperature dependence of enzyme activity and optimum temperature has been measured using a plot of enzyme activity versus different temperatures. Optimum temperature of enzyme activity has been determined within a mix buffer solvent by activity measurements at different pHs, and the inactivation rate, t_1/2 and thermodynamic parameters of inactivation have been determined using irreversible thermoinactivation.

Results. Optimum temperature was 60°C in the presence of 0, 5 and 10 mM CaCl₂, and optimum pH was 8.5. Inactivation rate was increased with elevation of temperature from 55 to 80°C. Half-life of thermoinactivation ( t_1/2 ) was 150, 112, 47, 32, 18, 8 and 4 min at 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80°C, respectively. E_a, D H ^# , D S ^# and D G ^# was 37.70, 37.02, 23.61 kcal/mol, respectively, and k_inactivation was 4.49 ´ 10³ s^-1.

Conclusion . Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase can be considered between thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes. Optimum temperature did not alter in different calcium concentrations which imply that elastase stability is Ca-independent.

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Aim and Background. Per o xi d ases a re o n e o f t he m o st i m p o rta n t enz y mes p artici pa ting in many p h y s i o lo g i c al p r ocesses in p l a n ts. Saffron, (Cr o c us s a t i v u s L) , is a v a luable plant w hi c h ha s b e en g r o w n s i nce a n ci e n t ti m es t o d a t e. B u t t he r e is a l a ck o f s u ffi c ient b i o c he mi c al a n d ph y s i ol og i cal i nf o r m a tio n abo u t t h e s ta g es o f t h e s a f fr on g r ow t h , d e v e l o p m en t a n d t he i m portant en z y m e s in v o l v e d . Peroxi d ases in C r ocus sa t i v u s L. ca n b e a m arke r o f di s t i n c t ph y s i ol o gi c a l o r d e v e l o p m e n ta l p r o c e ss e s , a s show n b e f or e by l a bo r ato r y st u d i es.

Materials and Methods. In this study, the Crucus Sativus L. corms in two different months –July and November as dormant and waking stages of saffron growth, sampled and Corms were us e d for t h e enz y me e x trac t i on. It was partially purified with ion-exchange chromatography .

Results. T h e r e sul t s showed that a m o u n t of t o t al pro t e i n in w a k i ng c o rms i s a b o u t t w o tim e s in c o m p arison with t h e dor m ant cor m s. The high a c tiv i t y o f t h e p l a n t in wa k i ng sta t e corresponds with m o re p rotein con t e n t.

Conclusion. T h is d iff eren ce m ig h t be pa rt i a l l y d u e t o t he dif f e r e nt p a tte r n s o f th e e n z y m e gly c o s yl a t i on a nd s ur f a c e ele c t r o s t a ti c c ha r g es .

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Aim and Background:Proteases have multiple applications within organic media, and then their organic solvent stability is critically important. Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase is an organic solvent stable enzyme. In the present work, following protein purification, its organic solvent activity and stability have been investigated. 

Materials and Methods:Protein purification was carried out by affinity chromatography. Enzyme activity within organic solvent media has been measured by activity measurements in the 0-70% (V/V) of organic solvents including ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, dimethyl formamide (DMF), glycerol and ethylene glycol.

Results: In the presence of all concentrations of organic solvents investigated in the present study, except ethanol, activity of elastase was very high and even higher than that of control, i.e. in the absence of organic solvents. For instance, in the presence of 70% (V/V) of methanol, DMF and glycerol enzymatic activity was 3.5, 1.4 and 1.2 times higher than that of 0% of organic solvents. 

 Conclusion: On the contrary to most enzymes whose activity diminishes in organic solvents, the present study clearly indicated that elastase activity increases even in the presence of organic solvents. This finding means that Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase is not only an organic solvent enzyme, but more ideal catalyst within aqueous-organic than absolutely aqueous medium.

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Aim and Background. Per o xi d ases a re o n e o f t he m o st i m p o rta n t enz y mes that p artici pa t es in many p h y s i o lo g i c al p rocesses in p l a n ts. Peroxidases are heme containing proteins that utilize H₂O₂ in the oxidation of various organic and inorganic substrates. In this research, the activity of peroxidase, was investigated in Crocus sativus L. co r m s extracts . The activity of peroxidase was studied with different c on c e ntr at i o n o f H ₂ O ₂ and pH measurement .

Materials and Methods. In this study t h e pl a nt cor m s were p r epa r e d in Ju l y as dor m ant stage and Novamber as waking stage . C o r m s were us e d as t h e enz y me e x trac t i on sou r ce and w as u s e d f o r f u rt h e r st ud y .

Results. T h e re s ul t s s h o w e d t h at t h e o pti m u m p H o f e n z y m e activity i n dor m an c y s ta g e i s on e un i t higher t h a n th e w a k i ng . T he r e sul t s sug g ested t h at in c r e a si n g c on c e ntr at i o n o f H ₂ O ₂ up to t h e 8 0 mM i n cr e as e s the enz y ma t ic acti v ity a nd higher c oncentra ti ons of H ₂ O ₂ de c r ea s e the pe r oxida s e act i vity .

Conclusion. According t o th e k i n e ti cs r e s ults , i t se e m s t h at at le a s t tw o is o f or m s o f t h e p e r o x i d a s es ex i s t i n s a f fr on co r m s a n d s o ea c h i s o f or m c ould t a k e p a r t i n so m e dif f ere n t p r oc e s s es i n g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m ent.

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Aim and Background:Peroxidases functions in plants range from cell wall modulations to hormone regulation, defense mechanisms, indoleacetic acid degradation and stress adaptations. During diverse stress conditions, peroxidases protect plant against the intrinsic and environmental disturbances.

Materials and Methods:In this study, the plant corms were prepared in July. Corms were used as the source of the enzyme extraction and this extract was used for further study.

Results: The results were shown for the dormant and waking corms increasing concentrations of guaiacol above the 70 Mm decreased the peroxidase activity.

Conclusion: With respect to the kinetics results, it seems that at least two isoforms of the peroxidases exist in saffron corms and so each isoform could take part in some different processes in saffron growth and development.

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Aim and Background: Genus Linaria Mill. Belonging to the Plantaginaceae family is categorized in Lamiales order. The habitat of this genus is the northern hemisphere and in some parts of Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phylogeny and taxonomy relationships of the mentioned genus in Iran.
Materials and Methods: Molecular studies were performed in accordance with the following procedure: 1-Total DNA extracted from leaves, 2-Amplification and sequencing of the genome of the chloroplast rpl32-trnL fragment area 3-Statistical analysis of evolutionary models to obtain and review the phylogeny of the studied groups,4- Interpretation of cladograms.
Results: The data matrix consisted of 71 taxa and 702 characters in Parsimony analysis. The 485 characters are constant, 109 variable characters are parsimony-uninformative, The remaining 108 are potentially parsimony informative. Four major clades including A, B, C and D were detected in Phylogenetic tree analysis. Discussion: Monophyly of Linaria species was supported in this study. A basal divergence between species with winged and wingless seeds was clearly unsupported, implying the homoplasy of this trait.
Conclusion: the results showed that Linaria species constitute a Monophylitic group. According to a set of morphological traits including entire, sessile, pinnately veined leaves terminal, bracteate, racemose inflorescences and spurred flowers monophyly of Linaria confirmed.

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Aim and background: Asthenozoospermia is one of the most common reasons of infertility in men, which is known as low or no movement of sperm. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the relationship between polymorphism rs1893316 of gene Catsper1 with Asthenozospermia in men. Materials and methods: The present molecular study, After filling in the consent form by both 50 control and 50 experimental groups, 2ml blood was taken, then DNA isolated through salting out method and sequencing procedure was used to specify polymorphism. Result: In studying polymorphism rs1893316 C>T CC genotype frequnency and TT genotype frequnency was considerably higher in control group than experimental one(P<0.05). In hetrozygotic genotype CT frequency, there wasn't a significant difference between experimental and control group(P>0.05). Discussion: Catsper1 channel physiologically is limited to sperm movement path, following it, the release of calcium ion and imbalance in ionic density leads to sperm movement increase regarding both it's strength and speed. Conclusion: There is a meaningful relation between polymorphism rs1893316 gene Catsper1 with Asthenozoospermia. The result may change with a change in genetic treasury in the participants or meaningful change in population size.

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Aim and Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the metabolism of sugar or blood glucose. This disease is caused by insulin resistance in the body. Diabetes can lead to various complications in the body, including liver damage. Berberine reduces the amount of damage caused by oxidative stress on mitochondria and increases the antioxidant capacity of liver tissue. exercise training causes mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with different doses of berberine chloride on the apoptosis of liver cells in diabetic male rats with streptozotocin.

Material and methods: In this experimental study, 64 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of 8. The groups include the control group, diabetic, diabetic and taking berberine chloride with a dose of 15 mg/kg, diabetic and taking berberine chloride with a dose of 30 mg/kg, diabetic with aerobic exercise, taking berberine chloride with a dose of 15 mg/kg, diabetic with aerobic exercise and the consumption of berberine chloride with a dose of 30 mg/kg, diabetics with aerobic exercise and the control group with aerobic exercise were divided. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60mg/kg was used to make diabetic groups diabetic. Berberine chloride (15 and 30 mg/Kg) was taken orally by gavage once a day. The exercise groups performed aerobic exercise for 6 weeks with an intensity of 50-55% of maximum oxygen consumption. 48 hours after the last training session, the liver tissue was extracted to check the changes of caspase3 protein. Using the TUNEL method, the amount of apoptosis in the liver tissue was evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up test.

Results: In the present study, diabetic rats showed a significant increase in liver tissue apoptosis and caspase3 protein expression. Treatment of diabetic animals with berberine in doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg led to a significant reduction of apoptotic cells in diabetic rats. The expression of caspase3 protein in the diabetic group with aerobic exercise and berberine chloride consumption at a dose of 30 mg/kg was significantly decreased compared to the diabetic group and berberine chloride consumption at a dose of 15 mg/kg.

Conclusion: It seems that the treatment of diabetic rats with berberine chloride together with exercise activity was able to prevent the occurrence of apoptosis in the liver tissue and improve the liver damage caused by diabetes.