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Aims and background: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of lactobacillus acidophilus Bacteria (LAB) on chicken T cell subsets at ileum, bursa and cecal tonsil tissues.
Material and Methods: Thirty chickens were divided into three groups and fed with sterilized cow milk (M), or a mixture of M and LAB, kept as controls. Chickens from each group were sacrificed after 2 or 3 weeks and lymphoid tissues including ileum, bursa and cecal tonsil were removed and cryo preserved. The ratio of T cell subsets including CD4+, CD8+ and gamma delta T cells were studied by immune-histochemistry method.
Results: The ratio of CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in ileum of chicken after 2 weeks of probiotic intake. Moreover, this ratio was even higher than the ratio of these cells in the third week. In the cecal tonsil sections the percentage of gamma delta T cells was higher in milk fed chickens, after 3 weeks.
conclusion: The findings indicate that feeding of chickens with probiotics may alter the distribution of T cells in the lymphoid tissues. However, coincidental increase of CD4+ and gamma delta T cells after 2 and 3 weeks of treatment indicates that these effects are transient and could not have a permanent effect on avian mucosal immunity.

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Aim and Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease. Many different gene association studies (GAS) have been used some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin 7 receptor alpha (IL7Rα) gene as MS disease susceptibility, mainly in populations in western countries. There have been few reports of association between IL7Ra gene and MS in Asian population. SNPrs11567685 is in promoter region and probably involved in IL7Rα gene expression. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 unrelated patients and 100 unrelated ethnically matched healthy controls were studied in Khuzestan province. The genotype and allele frequencies of this SNP measured between MS cases and controls by using PCR-RFLP. Cases and controls were analyzed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and significance differences by using chi-square test. Results: Our population was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and significant association was found in SP MS (Secondary Progressive) and SP+PP MS (Secondary Progressive + Primary Progressive) in Allelic and Genotypic frequencies at SNPrs11567685. Also, significant associations were found in Male and Female patients in MS subtypes. Conclusion:It was indicated in this study that Promoter region of IL7Rα gene has significant effect on MS disease. So, this gene region can be used as a biomarker in early diagnoses of MS.

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Aim and Background: Diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis is of high value considering the importance of controlling tuberculosis. Identifying and introducing a rapid and specific diagnostic method for the causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is of great importance. The aim of this study is molecular characterization the presence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first- and second-line drugs in suspected tuberculosis patients.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 2895 patients referred to different laboratory centers who were suspected to tuberculosis. The samples that were positive on the culture medium were examined by the drug resistance evaluation method and also the sequencing was performed on drug resistant genes including katG, rpoB, rrsL and gyrA to identify the corresponding mutations.
Findings: During the study period from October 2018 to March 2022, 2895 people, a total of 283 positive samples and 60 resistant samples were isolated, and the relevant mutations in each gene were determined based on nucleotide changes on the relevant genes.
Conclusion: Due to the fact that the diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially in the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is time consuming especially when samples are positive and it takes a long time to perform the resistance evaluation test. So molecular identification and identification of the relevant mutations on the related drug-resistance genes, provides the possibility of accurate diagnosis and timely treatment
 

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Aim and Background: The level of an immune response inhibitory enzyme, called indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and the activity of Treg cells increase in some patients with cancer and acute leukemias such that it can lead to the inhibition of immune responses. Therefore, the very aim of the present study was to evaluate the regulatory T cells (CD4 + / FOXP3 +) and the level of the IDO expression in acute leukemias using flow cytometry and Real-Time PCR.  Materials and Methods: This study used bone marrow samples taken from  30 patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and 20 healthy individuals. Then, the level of the IDO expression and the percentage of Treg cells were evaluated using flow cytometry and Real-Time PCR. The results revealed that the percentage of Treg in the total lymphocytes, T and Th in the ALL group was significantly higher than that of the normal groups the respectively (P <0.001). Results: In addition, the level of the IDO expression in the normal group was significantly lower than that of the ALL group (P= 0.016). Conclusion: The level of the IDO expression in the ALL groups was significantly higher than the normal group. Moreover, there was a positive and non-significant relationship between the level of the IDO expression and the percentages of Treg cells in the ALL group. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct more studies for the behavior of this leukemia in the expression of IDO enzyme and the percentage of Treg cells and their relationship with each other.

 

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Aim and Background: Gemcitabine is one of the most famous chemotherapy drugs and its use is subject to limitations. In the present study, Gemcitabine with the aim of increasing its antitumor properties was injected into the PEGylated niosomal nano-carriers and the toxicity of non-drug niosomes was studied on the fibroblast cell line (HFF) and the toxicity of the drug-containing niosomes to the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).
Material and Methods: Niosomal vesicles were prepared using span 60(77.5%), cholesterol (17.5%) and polyethylene­ glycol (5%) by thin-film method and Gemcitabineis were loaded into the niosomes. Drug loading percentage was measured in nano-carriers. Their physicochemical properties were assayed, And the drug release rate was examined at 37 degrees Celsius, pH 7.4 and 42 degrees Celsius, pH 5.4. At the end, the toxicity of non-drug niosomes was studied on the fibroblast cell line (HFF) and the toxicity of the drug-containing niosomes on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line ().
Results: PEGylated niosomes containing Gemcitabineis showed a size of 126.6nm, 39.1 ± 3.28% drug encapsulation efficiency, -29.91±0.42 mV of zeta potential. The release of the drug from niosomes was slow and morphological examination of the nanoparticles showed that they have a smooth and spherical surface. Cellular studies showed that non-drug niosomes produce little toxicity to HFF cell line and its toxicity are not significant. Also, the toxicity of noisome Gemcitabine compared to non-noisome Gemcitabine on the MCF-7 cell was significantly higher (p-value<0.01).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that PEGylated niosomal nano-carriers containing Gemcitabineis having the proper physicochemical properties, can be an appropriate carrier for drug delivery to breast cancer cells.