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Aim and Background. In order to study the effect of drought stress on some quantity and quality characteristics of sugar beet genotypes a field experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station of Khoy in 2009. Materials and Methods. Treatments was arranged in strip block experiments based on completely randomized block design with three replications. Three sugar beet hybrid varieties were as Rasoul, Shirin and 7112.

Results. The results showed that the water stress on root yield, white sugar content, sugar content, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, petioles and roots were significant. Effects of cultivar on most traits studied were significant, and Rasoul was significantly higher than others of root yield and white sugar yield. The interaction between cultivar and water stress was not significant. Due to stress and free- stress environments, Shoot fresh weight reduction showed the water storage in cultivars is non-equal. Decrease in shoot dry weight and total dry weight indicate that drought stress have reducing affects on the growth of shoot parts and total dry weight.

Conclusion. Noticeable point in the results was that the traits sugar content and white sugar yield, impurities of nitrogen, sodium and potassium, and molasses sugar in two environments revealed no significant difference.

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Aim and Background. In plants, ions uptake management, translocation, exchange, compartmentalization and precise adjustment of ionic ratios were carried out through the activity of a series of carriers, ion channels and transporters. The vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (VHA), plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining intracellular pH gradients across specialized organellar membranes, and influences the transport of cations into the vacuoles of plant cells. Activity of this pump provides the primary proton motive force for the execution and regulation of other ion transporters, semi-transporters and H⁺-dependent channels in the membrane vacuoles. Due to the apparent importance of this pump in improving salt tolerance, in this study, Aeluropus littoralis a monocot halophyte was used as a gene source.

Materials and Methods. A cDNA clone with complete length of 498bp contains the necessary information to encode the c subunit of V-ATPase (AlVHA-c) isolated from the A. littoralis plant and was cloned in E. coli bacterium.

Results. The nucleotide sequence of the gene (AlVHA-c) showed a significant homology with its counterpart in millet, rice, wheat and maize. In addition the various bioinformatics analysis was performed to clarify the evolutionary relationships and to investigate the possible amino acid and nucleotide sequences differences.

Conclusion. Finally the complete coding sequence was submitted to GenBank with accession number of (JF504672).

 

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Aim and Background. Germination stage is an important growth plant stage that is often affected by environmental stress including water and salinity stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Seed Germination of Rice and found to have more salt-tolerant cultivars.

 Materials and Methods. In order to study germination of three rice varieties named Gharib, Musa tarom and Abji buji at different levels of salinity. The experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with four replications. Salt treatments were controlled in 0, 4, 8 and 12 ds/m-1.

Results. The results of data analysis showed that salt effect on studied varieties and interaction of varieties × salt on the studied characters were significant in %1 level. In this research some characters including rate and percentage of germination, gemule length, and radical length were studied. With increasing salt all evaluated characters decreased.

Conclusion. Statistical analysis of data showed significant difference in rice genotypes. With increasing salt all evaluated characters significantly decreased.

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Aim and Background. Due to evolving in stress habitats, Halophyte plants are the best options to describe the fundamentals of molecular physiology of salt tolerance and breeding of crops. Therefore, because of genetic relationship of Aeluropus littoralis with rice, wheat and barley, the present study was performed to investigate leaves proteome pattern changes in response to different salt treatment using proteomics methods

 Materials and Methods. To examine the effect of salinity on the Aeluropus proteome pattern, salt treatment in 3 levels (100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) was applied . The mature leaves located in the middle part of plant were harvested for protein extraction after 21 days of salt exposure. Proteins were extracted according to TRIZOL approach and were separated by 2-DE using a nonlinear pH 4-7 IPG strips (24 cm) and 12.5 % poly acryl amide gel.

 Results. Statistical analysis revealed that among 550 repeatable detected spots, at least 95 protein spots showed a significant change during salinity levels. In addition, the most proteins with increased and decreased expression levels were obtained in comparison between control and 200 mM NaCl levels and between 200 & 300 mM NaCl treatments, respectively. Based on cluster analysis the whole responsive proteome was classified into 10 classes.

 Conclusion. Evaluation of these co-expression classes revealed that A. littoralis salinity responsive proteome follows four distinct expression patterns. These results showed that study of individual protein expression changes alone will not be fruitful. But also the identification of co-expression proteins collection and study of proteins gregarious changes pattern in response to different levels of stress was more importance and create better understanding.

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Aim and Background: Galanin is a potent factor regulating appetite and energy balance. galanin injection to the nucleus involved in food intake, stimulate food intake. On the other hand, negative energy balance is accompanied with epinephrine and cortisol level. In this study was investigated cortisol and epinephrine effect on galanin secretion in rats fed different levels of their energy requirement.

Material and Methods: 45 male wistar rats (300-350 g, 15 per group) were fed a diet containing 100%, 50% and 25% of their energy requirement for 10 days. Afterwards each rat after 48 h prolonged fasting was anesthetized and then cannulated in the carotid artery for injection and blood sampling. Animals were divided into 3 treatment groups that recived (3 µg/Kg BW) either EN, Cortisol or combination of those tow (0.1 mg in 1 ml of PBS). Galanin and glucose levels were analyzed before (in time of 0) and 30, 60 and 120 min after injection. Results: in 50% and 100% food restricted group fasting galanin levels fell after EN injection. (p≤0.05). cortisol just reduced galanin in 50% food restricted group (p≤0.05). In contrast, the group that has 25% food restriction didn’t show any response to cortisol, EN and combination of EN and cortisol injection (p>0.05).

Conclusion: These results indicate that injection of EN suppress starvation-induced secretion of ghalanin in normal (100%) and starved (50%) rats. And the galanin secretion response to EN might be affected by weight loss as it doesn't be suppressed in starved (25%) rats.

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Aim and Background: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of Bio fertilizer (Azosprillium spp bacteria) and Salicylic acid on growth and development characteristics of Ocimum basilicum L. plant under water stress.

Materials and Methods: The experimental design was factorial arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Treatment were combination of 3 levels of water stress (100% FC as a control, 60% FC and 30% FC) and Bio fertilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated) and Salicylic acid (0 as control and 0.75 mM).

Results: Data variance analysis showed that morphological characteristics was significantly (p<0.05) affected by drought levels, Salicylic acid, Bio fertilizer and their interaction. The effects of various treatments on shoot and flower number, dry and fresh weight of root and shoot, Relative water content (RWC) and electron leakage was significant at 1%.

Conclusion: Application of salicylic acid and Azosprillium inoculation increased growth and development of Basil under water stress.

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Aim and Background. .Ageing could been resulted to increase of oxidative stress that could lead to damage of brain processes including cognitive functions. Since Hypericum extract have decreasing effect on the stress, it’s effect on passive avoidance learning of restrained male wistar rats were examined. 

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Aim and Background:Nano-silver as a disinfectant is used for the sterilization of medical laboratory tools, but less attention has been tentative the toxicity of the substance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nanosilver on fetal rat liver tissue and determine the expression of MDA levels as an oxidant biomarker and Superoxide dismutase as an antioxidant enzyme.

Material and methods:In this study, 16 pregnant Wister rats (in four groups of four) and placebo were treated orally for 18 days with silver nanoparticles of 20 nm in concentration of 125, 750 and 1500 mg/kg/day.

The fetuses had been harvested via caesarean after 18 days of gestation to measure the gene expression of SOD in their liver by quantitative RT-PCR method and MDA activity by Satoh protocol in their liver.

Results:The highest expression of MDA was detected in the treatment of 750 mg/kg/day, but in comparison to the normal group which showed approximately 68% decrease in concentration. The highest expression of SOD was related to 750 mg/kg/day group which was upregulated 22.4% in comparison to normal group, and the lowest expression was shown in 125 mg/kg/day group which was approximately downregulated 5.75 % compared to normal group.

Conclusion:Nano silver particles involved in the process of oxidative/antioxidant system caused by arise of free radical production. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase as free radical scavenger was upregulated to detoxify microenvironment. The result of this study revealed that intracellular processes of oxidant/antioxidant system in rat embryo liver were affected by various concentrations of Nano silver particles.

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Aim and Background: In order to evaluation of seed priming on Moderating of salinity effect on germination and primary growth of cucumber in pot planting, an experiment carried out by Factorial design with RCD at three replication in greenhouse of Zahedan Jihad Keshavarzi in 2012. Material and methods: The main factor was salinity at three level consider EC=2, EC=4 and EC=6 mmohs/cm and second factor was seed priming in four level consider control, KNO3, KCl and NaCl. Results: The variance analysis of data showed that salinity had meaning effect on the all of investigated traits. The most germination percentage with 97.58% obtained in control treatment. The maximum biomass as well as in this treatment with 55.26 gram. The seed priming had meaning effect on the all traits except leave number, stem diameter and the time need for emergence. The most germination with 88.11% obtained in KNO3 treatment this treatment as well as with 43.92 gram had the most biomass. The correlation effect of salinity × priming had no significant effect. Conclusion According to this results cucumber cultivation not recommended for Areas where the irrigation water is saline.

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Aim and Background: RNA isolation is difficult in plant that contain large amounts of polysaccharides and polyphenol compounds that bind and co-precipitate with RNA. Therefore, in this study eleven different methods were evaluated to extract RNA from leaves of apple rich in phenolic compounds. Material and methods:The quantity and quality of extracted RNA were determined by 1.2% nano-drop spectrophotometric at absorbance of 230, 260 and 280nm, agarose gel electrophoresis and cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR analysis by specific primer for apple Actin were performed . Results:The results indicated that methods of Djami-Tchatchou et al., (2012) and Rajakani et al.,(2013) were the most suitable methods for RNA extraction from apple leaves. The yield of total RNA extracted by these methods varies from 753.6 to 800.2 and 362.1 to 452.6 ng/µl in apple leaves , respectively. Distinct bands of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA were observed in electrophoresis Discuss: In two protocols, ratios of A260/A280 and A260/A230 ranged from 1.99 to 2.03 and from 2.07 to 2.17, respectively This is indicative of a high RNA purity and the absence of contamination with polyphenolic, protein and polysaccharide compounds Conclusion: The high quality for RT-PCR reaction by two methods showed the extracted RNA can be used with assurance in downstream molecular techniques.

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Aim and Background: Considering the importance of drought stress, and the fact that drought tolerance is a multigenic trait, the objective of the current research was reconstruction of the related gene network and identification of the involved key genes in barley, through microarray data analysis as well as gene ontology enrichment test.
Materials and Methods: To achieve this goal, all the differentially expressed genes (-2.5 ≤Fold change≤ 2.5) at drought stress conditions among the available barley microarray datasets were identified using Genevestigator web-based tools. Reconstruction of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) network and hub gene analysis were accomplished using Cytoscape software. Gene ontology enrichment analyses were done by AgriGo tools.
Results: Hub gene analysis led to the identification of 14 and 15 unique genes in vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively, which were considered as the most effective genes in response to drought stress.
Conclusion: Based on the achieved results, ARF1, ABF3, DREB1A, DREB2A, HY5, and HYH can be introduced as the most effective key genes involved in drought stress tolerance. Moreover, gene ontology analysis of the differentially expressed and hub genes demonstrated transcriptional regulation, processes of protein metabolism, photoperiod control, photosynthesis and hormonal signaling by protein kinases and also flowering time control play vital a role in the major and effective processes involved in drought tolerance.

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Aim and Background:
Salinity is one of the main factors limiting the production of crops. On other hand, reducing rainfall and increasing excessive heat in the past few years has led to more evapotranspiration and increased salinity effects in reducing yields. Increasing the consumption and economic value of medicinal plants, including Basil, is essential for research on the limiting factors in planting these plants in the country. Due to the contamination caused by chemical fertilizers and the high energy consumption for their production, bio-fertilizers can be a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. The present study deals with the effect of Azospirillium bacteria on physiological and morphological characteristics of Basil's medicinal plant under salinity stress
Material and methods:
This experiment was conducted in May 2011 in Greenhouse of College of Agriculture in the University of Ilam. The experiment was factorial based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 4 salinity levels of 2,4,6 and 0 (ds / m) and 2 levels of presence and absence of bacteria
Results:
The results of this study showed that with increasing levels of stress, most of the traits are affected. The plant was lower at lower levels, but at 4 dS / m and 6 dS / m levels, the yield was significantly reduced. Increasing levels of stress reduced the height of root dry weight, root length and biomass weight, and also it reduced the number of leaves, sub branch and chlorophyll a, b and ab. Also, salt stress increased levels of nitrogen, protein and proline by increasing salinity levels.

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Aim and Background: Phytorefining is a sustainable, natural, eco-friendly and widely applicable method for refining heavy metals in soil. Heavy metals are dangerous environmental pollutants that enter the food chain and cause harm to humans, plants, and other organisms. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of zinc on the physiological stress process of spinach plants. Research method: In order to investigate the effect of zinc element on the physiological stress process of spinach plant, a pot experiment was carried out in a factorial form and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications.
Results: The results showed that increasing the concentration of chlorophyll b did not have a significant effect on chlorophyll b values, but caused significant changes in root and aerial parts, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and leaf surface.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, this plant can be used in soils contaminated with zinc metal or lands under the wastes of industrial factories to refine this metal.
 

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Aim and Background: The use of affinity tags is a conventional method for purifying recombinant proteins. However, their removal in later stages is mandatory for therapeutic peptides or proteins, which not only prolongs the purification process but also imposes significant costs on the producer. A peptide sequence with an affinity for hydroxyapatite allows for the purification of recombinant peptides or proteins while enabling their binding to hydroxyapatite-containing structures such as teeth, bones, and even bone grafts. This can play a significant role in biomaterials, tissue engineering, surgery, and dental implants. The goal of this study is to utilize affinity sequences that eliminate the need for removal after purifying the desired protein using affinity chromatography columns, which is a priority in biotechnology and therapeutics.
Material and Methods: In this study, a fusion peptide derived from platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) was designed, containing a hydroxyapatite-binding sequence and His6x tag. To remove the histidine tag, the sequence was designed with primers containing XhoI and NdeI restriction sites and was subsequently cloned into the pET21a (+) vector. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and double enzymatic digestion were performed. The designed fusion peptide was expressed in Escherichia coli, confirmed through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and verified using Western blotting. The recombinant fusion peptide was purified using hydroxyapatite resin. To evaluate peptide binding to the scaffold, a release test was conducted, which was assessed using the Bradford protein assay and curve analysis. Cellular viability, proliferation, and growth were examined via the MTT assay.
Results: Expression of the designed fusion peptide in Escherichia coli was optimized. Cloning in the pET21a(+) vector was confirmed after PCR and double enzymatic digestion through gene sequencing. The expression was validated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, showing a peptide band at approximately 17 kDa. The peptide release assay demonstrated that the PDGF-BB fusion peptide binds stably to the hydroxyapatite scaffold, preventing complete peptide release on the first day in SBF (Simulated Body Fluid). On the second day, approximately 40% of the peptide was released, followed by stabilization (plateau). The MTT assay revealed cell viability and proliferation over 24 hours, with maximum growth observed at a concentration of 2.9 µg/mL compared to the control group.
Conclusion: In this study, a novel peptide derived from PDGF-BB with stable performance was designed, expressed, and purified using hydroxyapatite resin. The dual-purpose use of the hydroxyapatite-binding affinity tag not only enhances its efficiency in purification processes using hydroxyapatite-based ceramic affinity columns but also serves as an affinity factor for bone scaffolds in tissue engineering.
 

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Bacteria's environment is constantly changing and they have to adapt to new conditions. One of these stresses is the ambient temperature. Different functional and molecular mechanisms exist in bacteria that respond to heat stress. This review aims to investigate the mechanism of functional and molecular responses of bacteria against heat stress. Various sensors have been identified in bacteria to respond to thermal stress. These sensors include sigma factors, transcription inhibitors, RNA thermosensors, DNA thermosensors, and molecular chaperones. The regulation of heat response genes can be positive or negative. In the positive regulation, alternative sigma factors, a series of selected promoters are used and copied. However, in the negative form, the adjustment is in the form of cascade processes. Most of the information obtained in the field of positive regulation has been found in E. coli. The most important regulatory factor is sigma factor 32 (σ32). This is followed by sigma factor E (sigma 24), which responds to induction heat and extra-cytoplasmic stresses such as protein aggregation. They play a role in the negative regulation of protein inhibitors such as HrcA, HspR, CtsR, and RheA. In addition, DNA, RNA, and different protein molecules are known as thermometers in response to temperature, which are discussed in this review.
 

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Aim and Background: Nowadays, the accumulation of nanoplastics in water and soil ecosystems has accompanied by critical environmental challenges, thereby threatening health of all living organisms, including plants and humans. Considering limited researches exploring the effects of nanoplastic contaminants on plants, this study was conducted to understand the physiological responses of tomato plants to nanopolyethylene.
Materials and Methods: Tomato seeds were planted in pots containing a culture medium containing cocopeat and perlite contaminated with different concentrations of polyethylene nanoplastics (diameter ranging from 20 to 40 nm), including 0 (control), 0.1 and 1 g nanoplastic per kg soil. Changes in some physiological indices, such as stem and root fresh weights, relative leaf water content, ion leakage rate, substomatal carbon dioxide concentration (Porometere device), and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (spectrophotometry method) were evaluated.
Findings: Pot experiment confirmed the negative effects of soil contamination with nanoplastics. The decrease in stem fresh weight and root fresh weight indicated the toxic effects of nanoplastics on tomato growth. Soil pollution with nanoplastics significantly increased the stem diameter. With increasing nanoplastic concentration, the relative water content of leaves decreased significantly. Besides, the concentration of sub-stomatal carbon dioxide also decreased significantly in response to the nanoplastic pollutants. The exposure of tomato seedlings to the nanoplastic contaminant, the ion leakage index was linearly and significantly increased. Soil contamination with nanoplastics also caused significant induction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity.
Conclusion: The findings warn about the dangerous aspects of nanoplastics for agricultural ecosystems and food security. It is necessary to conduct further researches, thereby investigating the environmental effects of nanoplastics on plant life cycle, ecosystem, and food security.